Strategic Council Online – Interview: “Any miscalculated move could lead to escalating tensions and uncontrollable crises, but Beijing’s prudence and precise strategies have so far prevented the Taiwan issue from escalating into a crisis similar to that of Ukraine,” said an East Asia analyst.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An Iraqi affairs analyst stated: Selecting Iraq’s future prime minister, determining foreign policy, and managing the new Baghdad government’s relations with regional countries and the world require internal political consensus following the recent parliamentary elections.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A technology sector expert stated: In the era of cyber wars and artificial intelligence, independence in the digital domain has become a critical issue; countries that achieve technological self-sufficiency sooner will shape their future security.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An international affairs analyst stated that NATO’s recent nuclear deterrence-centered exercise is not a sign of stability, but rather indicates the world’s return to the tense arms race between East and West.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Caucasus issues analyst stated that increased cooperation between the Republic of Azerbaijan and NATO, along with Western support for Baku, signifies the formation of a new front of geopolitical competition between NATO and Russia in the South Caucasus.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst stated: The presence of Turkish forces in over 60 military positions in northern Iraq and repeated attacks on mountainous areas indicate Ankara’s long-term plan to expand its geopolitical influence in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Seyed Kamal Kharrazi emphasized that any negotiation with the United States must be based on equal footing and mutual respect, and its agenda must be agreed upon in advance.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on international governance of cyberspace, stating that militarization of cyberspace causes a change in understanding from cooperation-oriented cyber geopolitics to conflict-oriented cyber geopolitics, said: Especially after Russia’s attack on Ukraine, the gaps in the discussion of international cyberspace governance have deepened.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A member of the Iranian Association on Environmental Risks and Sustainable Development, saying that Iran should define the environment and water as the main priority, added: Solving the problem of water shortage in the country should be done by using a combination of different methods, in such a way that with global interactions and paying attention to water diplomacy, achievements of other countries could be used.
Strategic Council Online: The President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations in his speech at the 10th world Peace Forum said that: the countries of the Persian Gulf region are mature enough to overcome their differences, complement each other, and turn their historical rivalries into cooperation by setting up a regional security mechanism.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: In recent weeks, the atmosphere of conflict and tension between Iran and the Zionist regime has taken on new dimensions. The war of words between military and political officials on both sides has escalated to such an extent that former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, in an interview with the Sunday Times, stressed that “big issues are going to take place in the relations of the Middle East and Asia”. But whatever those issues are, the Zionist regime will definitely be one of its main losers.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert in regional affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: Having stated that in view of the global crisis on increasing energy prices, the U.S. has no solution but to extend the temporary and limited license on Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), a scientific board member of Tehran University said:” reducing the severity of sanctions on Venezuelan oil substantiated the superiority of thesis about the inefficiency of sanctions”.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent remarks by Iraqi Foreign Minister Fuad Hussein in an interview with the Egyptian Al-Ghad TV channel about Iran should not be related to the will of the nation and the political system and government in Iraq.
Barsam Mohammadi – Expert in regional affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: The former head of the Aerospace Research Institute, referring to the possibility of cooperation between Russia and China in the space industry and emphasizing the importance of Iran’s cooperation with them to share research, said: Given the nature of Iran-Russia relations, in a situation where the two countries are under sanctions, this is an opportunity for cooperation; as in the past, this cooperation existed, through which great successes have been achieved.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A former Iranian diplomat saying that the Pakistani government needs to create the necessary political environment to attract foreign investment, mobilize the economy, and solve people’s livelihood problems, noted: Although the new Pakistani government is trying to take steps to improve relations with India, the current situation in India and the will of the Pakistani military is a major challenge before this policy of the government.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: Having stated that the behavior of the British government in deporting asylum seekers to Rwanda is a blatant violation of international conventions, an expert of European affairs said:” Now, that Britain has been tested for her behavior on asylum seekers, it proved it cannot admit even such a small number of them”.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: The expert of West Asia affairs commented about the recent parliamentary election of Lebanon and its results:” the results obtained was in a way that no party managed to win the majority of the parliament. It means the lists of Resistance Coalition groups gained about 58 to 59 seats and the other party that is in line with the West – Arab axis gained nearly 41 to 45 seats. Amid this, independent groups and individuals also won 128 seats”.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: “Any miscalculated move could lead to escalating tensions and uncontrollable crises, but Beijing’s prudence and precise strategies have so far prevented the Taiwan issue from escalating into a crisis similar to that of Ukraine,” said an East Asia analyst.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An Iraqi affairs analyst stated: Selecting Iraq’s future prime minister, determining foreign policy, and managing the new Baghdad government’s relations with regional countries and the world require internal political consensus following the recent parliamentary elections.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A technology sector expert stated: In the era of cyber wars and artificial intelligence, independence in the digital domain has become a critical issue; countries that achieve technological self-sufficiency sooner will shape their future security.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An international affairs analyst stated that NATO’s recent nuclear deterrence-centered exercise is not a sign of stability, but rather indicates the world’s return to the tense arms race between East and West.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Caucasus issues analyst stated that increased cooperation between the Republic of Azerbaijan and NATO, along with Western support for Baku, signifies the formation of a new front of geopolitical competition between NATO and Russia in the South Caucasus.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst stated: The presence of Turkish forces in over 60 military positions in northern Iraq and repeated attacks on mountainous areas indicate Ankara’s long-term plan to expand its geopolitical influence in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Seyed Kamal Kharrazi emphasized that any negotiation with the United States must be based on equal footing and mutual respect, and its agenda must be agreed upon in advance.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on international governance of cyberspace, stating that militarization of cyberspace causes a change in understanding from cooperation-oriented cyber geopolitics to conflict-oriented cyber geopolitics, said: Especially after Russia’s attack on Ukraine, the gaps in the discussion of international cyberspace governance have deepened.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A member of the Iranian Association on Environmental Risks and Sustainable Development, saying that Iran should define the environment and water as the main priority, added: Solving the problem of water shortage in the country should be done by using a combination of different methods, in such a way that with global interactions and paying attention to water diplomacy, achievements of other countries could be used.
Strategic Council Online: The President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations in his speech at the 10th world Peace Forum said that: the countries of the Persian Gulf region are mature enough to overcome their differences, complement each other, and turn their historical rivalries into cooperation by setting up a regional security mechanism.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: In recent weeks, the atmosphere of conflict and tension between Iran and the Zionist regime has taken on new dimensions. The war of words between military and political officials on both sides has escalated to such an extent that former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, in an interview with the Sunday Times, stressed that “big issues are going to take place in the relations of the Middle East and Asia”. But whatever those issues are, the Zionist regime will definitely be one of its main losers.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert in regional affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: Having stated that in view of the global crisis on increasing energy prices, the U.S. has no solution but to extend the temporary and limited license on Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), a scientific board member of Tehran University said:” reducing the severity of sanctions on Venezuelan oil substantiated the superiority of thesis about the inefficiency of sanctions”.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent remarks by Iraqi Foreign Minister Fuad Hussein in an interview with the Egyptian Al-Ghad TV channel about Iran should not be related to the will of the nation and the political system and government in Iraq.
Barsam Mohammadi – Expert in regional affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: The former head of the Aerospace Research Institute, referring to the possibility of cooperation between Russia and China in the space industry and emphasizing the importance of Iran’s cooperation with them to share research, said: Given the nature of Iran-Russia relations, in a situation where the two countries are under sanctions, this is an opportunity for cooperation; as in the past, this cooperation existed, through which great successes have been achieved.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A former Iranian diplomat saying that the Pakistani government needs to create the necessary political environment to attract foreign investment, mobilize the economy, and solve people’s livelihood problems, noted: Although the new Pakistani government is trying to take steps to improve relations with India, the current situation in India and the will of the Pakistani military is a major challenge before this policy of the government.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: Having stated that the behavior of the British government in deporting asylum seekers to Rwanda is a blatant violation of international conventions, an expert of European affairs said:” Now, that Britain has been tested for her behavior on asylum seekers, it proved it cannot admit even such a small number of them”.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: The expert of West Asia affairs commented about the recent parliamentary election of Lebanon and its results:” the results obtained was in a way that no party managed to win the majority of the parliament. It means the lists of Resistance Coalition groups gained about 58 to 59 seats and the other party that is in line with the West – Arab axis gained nearly 41 to 45 seats. Amid this, independent groups and individuals also won 128 seats”.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on international governance of cyberspace, stating that militarization of cyberspace causes a change in understanding from cooperation-oriented cyber geopolitics to conflict-oriented cyber geopolitics, said: Especially after Russia’s attack on Ukraine, the gaps in the discussion of international cyberspace governance have deepened.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A member of the Iranian Association on Environmental Risks and Sustainable Development, saying that Iran should define the environment and water as the main priority, added: Solving the problem of water shortage in the country should be done by using a combination of different methods, in such a way that with global interactions and paying attention to water diplomacy, achievements of other countries could be used.
Strategic Council Online: The President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations in his speech at the 10th world Peace Forum said that: the countries of the Persian Gulf region are mature enough to overcome their differences, complement each other, and turn their historical rivalries into cooperation by setting up a regional security mechanism.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: In recent weeks, the atmosphere of conflict and tension between Iran and the Zionist regime has taken on new dimensions. The war of words between military and political officials on both sides has escalated to such an extent that former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, in an interview with the Sunday Times, stressed that “big issues are going to take place in the relations of the Middle East and Asia”. But whatever those issues are, the Zionist regime will definitely be one of its main losers.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert in regional affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: Having stated that in view of the global crisis on increasing energy prices, the U.S. has no solution but to extend the temporary and limited license on Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), a scientific board member of Tehran University said:” reducing the severity of sanctions on Venezuelan oil substantiated the superiority of thesis about the inefficiency of sanctions”.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent remarks by Iraqi Foreign Minister Fuad Hussein in an interview with the Egyptian Al-Ghad TV channel about Iran should not be related to the will of the nation and the political system and government in Iraq.
Barsam Mohammadi – Expert in regional affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: The former head of the Aerospace Research Institute, referring to the possibility of cooperation between Russia and China in the space industry and emphasizing the importance of Iran’s cooperation with them to share research, said: Given the nature of Iran-Russia relations, in a situation where the two countries are under sanctions, this is an opportunity for cooperation; as in the past, this cooperation existed, through which great successes have been achieved.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A former Iranian diplomat saying that the Pakistani government needs to create the necessary political environment to attract foreign investment, mobilize the economy, and solve people’s livelihood problems, noted: Although the new Pakistani government is trying to take steps to improve relations with India, the current situation in India and the will of the Pakistani military is a major challenge before this policy of the government.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: Having stated that the behavior of the British government in deporting asylum seekers to Rwanda is a blatant violation of international conventions, an expert of European affairs said:” Now, that Britain has been tested for her behavior on asylum seekers, it proved it cannot admit even such a small number of them”.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: The expert of West Asia affairs commented about the recent parliamentary election of Lebanon and its results:” the results obtained was in a way that no party managed to win the majority of the parliament. It means the lists of Resistance Coalition groups gained about 58 to 59 seats and the other party that is in line with the West – Arab axis gained nearly 41 to 45 seats. Amid this, independent groups and individuals also won 128 seats”.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: “Any miscalculated move could lead to escalating tensions and uncontrollable crises, but Beijing’s prudence and precise strategies have so far prevented the Taiwan issue from escalating into a crisis similar to that of Ukraine,” said an East Asia analyst.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An Iraqi affairs analyst stated: Selecting Iraq’s future prime minister, determining foreign policy, and managing the new Baghdad government’s relations with regional countries and the world require internal political consensus following the recent parliamentary elections.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A technology sector expert stated: In the era of cyber wars and artificial intelligence, independence in the digital domain has become a critical issue; countries that achieve technological self-sufficiency sooner will shape their future security.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An international affairs analyst stated that NATO’s recent nuclear deterrence-centered exercise is not a sign of stability, but rather indicates the world’s return to the tense arms race between East and West.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Caucasus issues analyst stated that increased cooperation between the Republic of Azerbaijan and NATO, along with Western support for Baku, signifies the formation of a new front of geopolitical competition between NATO and Russia in the South Caucasus.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst stated: The presence of Turkish forces in over 60 military positions in northern Iraq and repeated attacks on mountainous areas indicate Ankara’s long-term plan to expand its geopolitical influence in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Seyed Kamal Kharrazi emphasized that any negotiation with the United States must be based on equal footing and mutual respect, and its agenda must be agreed upon in advance.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on international governance of cyberspace, stating that militarization of cyberspace causes a change in understanding from cooperation-oriented cyber geopolitics to conflict-oriented cyber geopolitics, said: Especially after Russia’s attack on Ukraine, the gaps in the discussion of international cyberspace governance have deepened.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A member of the Iranian Association on Environmental Risks and Sustainable Development, saying that Iran should define the environment and water as the main priority, added: Solving the problem of water shortage in the country should be done by using a combination of different methods, in such a way that with global interactions and paying attention to water diplomacy, achievements of other countries could be used.
Strategic Council Online: The President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations in his speech at the 10th world Peace Forum said that: the countries of the Persian Gulf region are mature enough to overcome their differences, complement each other, and turn their historical rivalries into cooperation by setting up a regional security mechanism.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: In recent weeks, the atmosphere of conflict and tension between Iran and the Zionist regime has taken on new dimensions. The war of words between military and political officials on both sides has escalated to such an extent that former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, in an interview with the Sunday Times, stressed that “big issues are going to take place in the relations of the Middle East and Asia”. But whatever those issues are, the Zionist regime will definitely be one of its main losers.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert in regional affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: Having stated that in view of the global crisis on increasing energy prices, the U.S. has no solution but to extend the temporary and limited license on Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), a scientific board member of Tehran University said:” reducing the severity of sanctions on Venezuelan oil substantiated the superiority of thesis about the inefficiency of sanctions”.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent remarks by Iraqi Foreign Minister Fuad Hussein in an interview with the Egyptian Al-Ghad TV channel about Iran should not be related to the will of the nation and the political system and government in Iraq.
Barsam Mohammadi – Expert in regional affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: The former head of the Aerospace Research Institute, referring to the possibility of cooperation between Russia and China in the space industry and emphasizing the importance of Iran’s cooperation with them to share research, said: Given the nature of Iran-Russia relations, in a situation where the two countries are under sanctions, this is an opportunity for cooperation; as in the past, this cooperation existed, through which great successes have been achieved.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A former Iranian diplomat saying that the Pakistani government needs to create the necessary political environment to attract foreign investment, mobilize the economy, and solve people’s livelihood problems, noted: Although the new Pakistani government is trying to take steps to improve relations with India, the current situation in India and the will of the Pakistani military is a major challenge before this policy of the government.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: Having stated that the behavior of the British government in deporting asylum seekers to Rwanda is a blatant violation of international conventions, an expert of European affairs said:” Now, that Britain has been tested for her behavior on asylum seekers, it proved it cannot admit even such a small number of them”.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: The expert of West Asia affairs commented about the recent parliamentary election of Lebanon and its results:” the results obtained was in a way that no party managed to win the majority of the parliament. It means the lists of Resistance Coalition groups gained about 58 to 59 seats and the other party that is in line with the West – Arab axis gained nearly 41 to 45 seats. Amid this, independent groups and individuals also won 128 seats”.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: “Any miscalculated move could lead to escalating tensions and uncontrollable crises, but Beijing’s prudence and precise strategies have so far prevented the Taiwan issue from escalating into a crisis similar to that of Ukraine,” said an East Asia analyst.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An Iraqi affairs analyst stated: Selecting Iraq’s future prime minister, determining foreign policy, and managing the new Baghdad government’s relations with regional countries and the world require internal political consensus following the recent parliamentary elections.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A technology sector expert stated: In the era of cyber wars and artificial intelligence, independence in the digital domain has become a critical issue; countries that achieve technological self-sufficiency sooner will shape their future security.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An international affairs analyst stated that NATO’s recent nuclear deterrence-centered exercise is not a sign of stability, but rather indicates the world’s return to the tense arms race between East and West.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Caucasus issues analyst stated that increased cooperation between the Republic of Azerbaijan and NATO, along with Western support for Baku, signifies the formation of a new front of geopolitical competition between NATO and Russia in the South Caucasus.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst stated: The presence of Turkish forces in over 60 military positions in northern Iraq and repeated attacks on mountainous areas indicate Ankara’s long-term plan to expand its geopolitical influence in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Seyed Kamal Kharrazi emphasized that any negotiation with the United States must be based on equal footing and mutual respect, and its agenda must be agreed upon in advance.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on international governance of cyberspace, stating that militarization of cyberspace causes a change in understanding from cooperation-oriented cyber geopolitics to conflict-oriented cyber geopolitics, said: Especially after Russia’s attack on Ukraine, the gaps in the discussion of international cyberspace governance have deepened.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A member of the Iranian Association on Environmental Risks and Sustainable Development, saying that Iran should define the environment and water as the main priority, added: Solving the problem of water shortage in the country should be done by using a combination of different methods, in such a way that with global interactions and paying attention to water diplomacy, achievements of other countries could be used.
Strategic Council Online: The President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations in his speech at the 10th world Peace Forum said that: the countries of the Persian Gulf region are mature enough to overcome their differences, complement each other, and turn their historical rivalries into cooperation by setting up a regional security mechanism.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: In recent weeks, the atmosphere of conflict and tension between Iran and the Zionist regime has taken on new dimensions. The war of words between military and political officials on both sides has escalated to such an extent that former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, in an interview with the Sunday Times, stressed that “big issues are going to take place in the relations of the Middle East and Asia”. But whatever those issues are, the Zionist regime will definitely be one of its main losers.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert in regional affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: Having stated that in view of the global crisis on increasing energy prices, the U.S. has no solution but to extend the temporary and limited license on Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), a scientific board member of Tehran University said:” reducing the severity of sanctions on Venezuelan oil substantiated the superiority of thesis about the inefficiency of sanctions”.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent remarks by Iraqi Foreign Minister Fuad Hussein in an interview with the Egyptian Al-Ghad TV channel about Iran should not be related to the will of the nation and the political system and government in Iraq.
Barsam Mohammadi – Expert in regional affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: The former head of the Aerospace Research Institute, referring to the possibility of cooperation between Russia and China in the space industry and emphasizing the importance of Iran’s cooperation with them to share research, said: Given the nature of Iran-Russia relations, in a situation where the two countries are under sanctions, this is an opportunity for cooperation; as in the past, this cooperation existed, through which great successes have been achieved.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A former Iranian diplomat saying that the Pakistani government needs to create the necessary political environment to attract foreign investment, mobilize the economy, and solve people’s livelihood problems, noted: Although the new Pakistani government is trying to take steps to improve relations with India, the current situation in India and the will of the Pakistani military is a major challenge before this policy of the government.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: Having stated that the behavior of the British government in deporting asylum seekers to Rwanda is a blatant violation of international conventions, an expert of European affairs said:” Now, that Britain has been tested for her behavior on asylum seekers, it proved it cannot admit even such a small number of them”.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: The expert of West Asia affairs commented about the recent parliamentary election of Lebanon and its results:” the results obtained was in a way that no party managed to win the majority of the parliament. It means the lists of Resistance Coalition groups gained about 58 to 59 seats and the other party that is in line with the West – Arab axis gained nearly 41 to 45 seats. Amid this, independent groups and individuals also won 128 seats”.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: “Any miscalculated move could lead to escalating tensions and uncontrollable crises, but Beijing’s prudence and precise strategies have so far prevented the Taiwan issue from escalating into a crisis similar to that of Ukraine,” said an East Asia analyst.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An Iraqi affairs analyst stated: Selecting Iraq’s future prime minister, determining foreign policy, and managing the new Baghdad government’s relations with regional countries and the world require internal political consensus following the recent parliamentary elections.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A technology sector expert stated: In the era of cyber wars and artificial intelligence, independence in the digital domain has become a critical issue; countries that achieve technological self-sufficiency sooner will shape their future security.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An international affairs analyst stated that NATO’s recent nuclear deterrence-centered exercise is not a sign of stability, but rather indicates the world’s return to the tense arms race between East and West.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Caucasus issues analyst stated that increased cooperation between the Republic of Azerbaijan and NATO, along with Western support for Baku, signifies the formation of a new front of geopolitical competition between NATO and Russia in the South Caucasus.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst stated: The presence of Turkish forces in over 60 military positions in northern Iraq and repeated attacks on mountainous areas indicate Ankara’s long-term plan to expand its geopolitical influence in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Seyed Kamal Kharrazi emphasized that any negotiation with the United States must be based on equal footing and mutual respect, and its agenda must be agreed upon in advance.